Contact with the Byzantine Empire, and with the Islamic world during the Reconquista and the Crusades, allowed Latin Europe access to scientific Greek and Arabic texts, including the works of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Isidore of Miletus, John Philoponus, Jābir ibn Hayyān, al-Khwarizmi, Alhazen, Avicenna, and Averroes.
An intellectual revitalization of Western Europe started with the birth of medieval universities in the 12th century. Classical Greek texts were translated from Arabic and Greek into Latin, stimulating scientific discussion in Western Europe. Western Europe Main article: European science in the Middle Ages Further information: Renaissance of the 12th century, Scholasticism, Medieval technology, List of medieval European scientists, and Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe By the eleventh century, most of Europe had become Christian stronger monarchies emerged borders were restored technological developments and agricultural innovations were made, increasing the food supply and population. The end of the Islamic Golden Age is marked by the destruction of the intellectual center of Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid caliphate in 1258. Islamic science began its decline in the 12th or 13th century, before the Renaissance in Europe, and due in part to the 11th–13th century Mongol conquests, during which libraries, observatories, hospitals and universities were destroyed. Scientists from the Islamic world include al-Farabi ( polymath ), Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (pioneer of surgery ), Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī (pioneer of Indology, geodesy and anthropology ), Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (polymath), and Ibn Khaldun (forerunner of social sciences such as demography, cultural history, historiography, philosophy of history and sociology ), among many others. Amongst his many contributions are the discovery of the contagious nature of infectious diseases, and the introduction of clinical pharmacology. From reliable localization to hands-on assistance, and cutting-edge marketing tools to the industry’s best growth mechanisms, SandVox was designed to help games like yours meet their fullest potential. Our mission is to give you the services, support, and tools you need to succeed globally. His two most notable works in medicine are the Kitāb al-shifā ʾ ("Book of Healing") and The Canon of Medicine, both of which were used as standard medicinal texts in both the Muslim world and in Europe well into the 17th century. Make Your Game Relevant To Every Market Of The World. He pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the first physician to conduct clinical trials.
980–1037) is regarded as the most influential philosopher of Islam.
The scholar Al-Razi contributed to chemistry and medicine. The works of Arabic scientists influenced Roger Bacon (who introduced the empirical method to Europe, strongly influenced by his reading of Persian writers), and later Isaac Newton. 806−816), is popularly considered to be "the father of chemistry". Garrison considered Muslim chemists to be the founders of chemistry. Scholars such as Will Durant and Fielding H. Muslim chemists and alchemists played an important role in the foundation of modern chemistry.
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